Yes you can (with a Java action), have a look at http://apidocs.mendix.com/runtime/interfacecom11mendix11systemwideinterfaces11core11imendixobjectmember301t01_4.html#a2263429714312f741cee144f69ad861b
In short, obtain the IMendixObject, then the IMendixObjectMember (Attribute in your Domain model) and ask if you have read access or write access with a certain context.