Yes, when changing the name of an entity, attribute or association all references are updated including queries.
And yes, if you change the type of an attribute, you will get an errors in locations where the new type is not compatible with its context.
There is no complete list of errors and warnings, but I encourage you to play around with the Modeler and see for yourself.
Hi Louis, Glad too see you are interested, and asking many questions but I recommend open the Mendix modeller, read the documentation and get a 3 day course.