If you want to use the remote debugger on linux, just use the enable_debugger and related commands to activate it, after which you can use the modeler to point to the /debugger/ sub-url.
If your application is behind nginx, be sure to proxy_pass the /debugger/ sub-url to the actual application:
m2ee(m2eetest): enable_debugger
Please enter the password to be used for remote debugger access from the modeler, or leave blank to auto-generate a password:
INFO: The remote debugger is now enabled, the password to use is ofhqa9geHU3bnPTHnEylcscj
INFO: You can use the remote debugger option in the Mendix Business Modeler to connect to the /debugger/ sub url on your application (e.g. https://app.example.com/debugger/).
m2ee(m2eetest):
m2ee(m2eetest): show_debugger_status
INFO: The remote debugger is currently enabled.
INFO: There is no connected debugger session.
INFO: There are no paused microflows.
m2ee(m2eetest): disable_debugger
INFO: The remote debugger is now disabled.
The admin_pass you're refering to is a local password that's used for communucation between the m2ee client and the runtime as simple authentication to fire requests to the runtime, like the enable_debugger command shown here. You only set it to a long random obscure value and never need to use it anywhere else:
https://github.com/mendix/m2ee-tools/blob/develop/examples/full-documented-m2ee.yaml#L130