This check (and all other data type validations) is performed by the Mendix input widget, i.e. on the client side. That is why your microflow doesn't even trigger.
There is not really any way to change this behaviour, because how would this work? In your example, should Mendix just send the value 'aaa' as the value of a DateTime attribute to your microflow? This would cause all kinds of problems in microflows, and it would force you to manually do all the data validation checks.