The full list of constants can be retrieved from model/metadata.json after your project has been “compiled/built”.
So during the docker image building phase you can pull out that file and parse it.
Assuming you are using the official mendix docker buildpack you can add for instance
RUN cat /opt/mendix/build/model/metadata.json
after https://github.com/mendix/docker-mendix-buildpack/blob/master/Dockerfile#L102
That will get you the full list of constants defined, including other metadata.